Equity and Inclusion

Very few studies currently exist on the long-term impacts of schooling policies in developing countries. This paper examines the impacts -- half a century later -- of a mass education program conducted by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the occupied areas during the First Indochina War. Difference-in-difference estimation results suggest that school-age children who were exposed to the program obtained significantly higher levels of education than their peers who were residing in French-occupied areas.

"The first in a series of reports that aim to measure the global economic costs of gender inequality. This first report measures these losses in lifetime earnings.

In a resilient city, the education system strives for complete coverage by removing structural barriers to school enrollment (inclusive). Capacity management and planning of new facilities is grounded in demographic estimates, and the city’s formal and informal growth patterns (reflective and coordinated). During disasters, there is an emphasis on continuity of education through adequate emergency preparedness and back-up systems (redundant).

The Preah Vihear province was an insecure and contested area from the late 1960s until 2000, when stability returned and the participation of children in primary education throughout the province became a possibility. In 2003, the Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) provided a grant to save the children Norway - Cambodia (SCN-CO) aimed at improving access and quality in all schools and education offices in the region.

Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people is widespread and LGBTI exclusion from economic markets, vital services and political spaces is entrenched.